Alm. To analyse the epistolary and scientific heritage of A. Kh. Vostokov to receive his ideas in modern linguistic theory and practice, to identify the most valuable achievements of the scientist in comparative studies and lexicography, to determine the historical place of his personality in the formation of the national linguistic tradition.
Methodology. Biographical facts correlate with scientific ideas and discoveries. Based on rare documents, the philological searches of the scientist are described, which were in line with a new trend in linguistics – comparative studies. It talks about the differences between the Russian and Western European branches of comparative historical linguistics. The originality of A. Kh. Vostokov’s innovative work is noted. It is emphasized that despite the impossibility of teaching, the scientist has prepared several grammars focused on practical language learning. It is said that the linguist has a special interest in the problem of source studies. His contribution to lexicography is noted. The article analyses the forgotten works of A. Kh. Vostokov on Slavic studies. The research uses philological, comparative-historical, descriptive, lexicographic and linguo-personological methods.
Results. New sources are involved and the ideas of A. Kh. Vostokov on a wide range of philological problems are rethought. The main emphasis is placed on the need to study the archive of the scientist and his legacy in philological and cultural-historical relations. The study proves the relevance of A. Kh. Vostokov’s linguistic wealth in the modern linguistics.
Research implications. The material presented in the article clarifies the problems of comparative historical linguistics, focuses on the little-known theoretical approaches and achievements of A. Kh. Vostokov, which were later developed in linguistics of the 19th–20th centuries. In the context of practical application, the scientist’s developments in the field of lexicographic description of language and his interest in the study of written monuments are especially important. In this sense the ideas and methodological approaches of A. Kh. Vostokov can be used in linguistic source studies, paleoslavistics, vocabulary and archival practices.

Aim. To substantiate the style-forming and text-forming potential of the category of subjective modality in the scientific prose of A. Kh. Vostokov.

Methodology. The typical subjective-modal meanings of A. Kh. Vostokov’s scientific text is described and the multi-level means of expressing subjective modality in scientific linguistic text, including introductory words and sentences, interrogative statements, and modus frames, are analysed. The study used the structural-semantic method, as well as methods of observation, generalisation, and logicalsemantic analysis.

Results. The study of A. Kh. Vostokov’s scientific works helps to identify productive subjective meanings in the modal field of the studied texts and to characterise the groups of modal operators that are used to verbalise the subjective attitude of the author who created the scientific work. 

Research implications. The research results expand our understanding of the style-forming properties of scientific speech, as well as the category of subjective modality.

Aim. To identify the specific features of the representation of the concepts University and Academy in the linguistic worldview of A. Kh. Vostokov and to determine their role in the organisation of scientific knowledge.

Methodology. The research corpus included A. Kh. Vostokov’s scholarly works, prefaces, correspondence, and memoirs. The study employed contextual and syntagmatic analysis, as well as elements of corpus analysis, nominative field analysis, and quantitative analysis of concept representatives. 

Results. The analysis demonstrated that the concept University is represented only fragmentarily in A. Kh. Vostokov’s texts and is primarily associated with the social status of members of the scholarly community. By contrast, the concept Academy is characterised by a broad range of representations and is associated with scholarly communication, publishing activities, professional integration, and the organisation of academic communities. The findings indicate that the academic model played a more significant role in the representation of scientific knowledge than the university model.

Research implications. The study refines our understanding of the linguistic representation of scientific space in A. Kh. Vostokov’s texts. The results contribute to the study of the scholar’s linguistic personality and expand current knowledge of the ways scientific knowledge was conceptualised in Russian philological culture of 19^th century.

Aim. To define the concept of engineering discourse and establish the essential characteristics that distinguish it from other discourses.

Methodology. In the study, based on a comparative analysis of approaches to the definition and structuring of the concept discourse, it is concluded that a model for the presentation of an engineering discourse is constructed. There is a peripheral area of the engineering discourse, where it intersects with the marketing discourse. An analysis of texts pertaining to this area is presented.

Results. Engineering discourse is defined as an independent type of discourse whose core reflects the communication line engineer – engineer. The specific case of sales of large equipment shows the peripheral zone between marketing and engineering discourses and highlights the dominance of the latter. 

Research implications. The theoretical significance of the study consists in determining the place of the engineering discourse in the Russian discursive space. The existing scientific views on engineering discourses were systematised, the terminology difficulties of using terms for its definition were identified and the boundary zone between engineering and marketing discourses was considered. The results of the study can be used in the analysis of professional communication within the framework of an engineering discourse, attention to which is a modern trend. This makes the study of practical importance.

Aim. To determine the role of phraseological units with components duh, dusha (spirit, soul) in the prose of 1950–1960 by F. A. Vigdorova.

Methodology. The article considers phraseological units with components duh, dusha (spirit, soul), used by the writer to create portrait characteristics of the characters of texts, describe their psychological and mental state, expressing the characters’ relationships to each other, as well as to the surrounding reality, using methods of observation and description, targeted sampling, elements of component analysis, interpretation of results.

Results. The study demonstrated that phraseological units with components duh, dusha (spirit, soul) in F. A. Vigdorova^,s prose of the 1950s–1960s reflect her pedagogical and ideological views and point to a striking idiostyle feature of the writer's work – the use of colloquial and vernacular vocabulary and phraseology to convey the cultural and national tradition of using these units in the speech of the Soviet people, demonstrating the lives of people in the 1920s–1950s.

Research implications. The research materials help to expand our understanding of the worldview of the original 20^th century writer F. A. Vigdorova, and the features of her idiostyle in the artistic space of texts of the 1950s–1960s. The results of the work can be used in university teaching of stylistics, the language of fiction, as well as in author’s lexicography.

Aim. To identify and describe the perlocutionary effect of N. P. Kirsanov’s communicative behaviour in the artistic discourse of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” and to determine the nature of the impact of the addressee’s verbal and non-verbal behaviour on the perception, emotional state, and reaction of the addressee-interlocutors. Special attention is given to the description of linguistic and paralinguistic means that ensure the achievement of the communicative goal and indicate the addressee’s intention.

Methodology. A pragmalinguistic approach, elements of discourse analysis, and the case study method, which helps to consider the artistic dialogue as a space for the implementation of communicative strategies and tactics, formed the methodological basis of the study. In the process of analysing case 1, it was established that Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov’s intention is to express love, care, and joy upon meeting his son, which creates a positive emotional background for communication. Verbal means include the use of expressive means and non-verbal means, such as gestures, facial expressions, and intonation, complement verbal signals, conveying the addressee’s emotional state and creating an atmosphere of joy, trust, and mutual understanding.

Results confirm that N. P. Kirsanov’s communicative behaviour is characterized by a high degree of empathy, sensitivity, and a commitment to maintaining a dialogue between generations, demonstrating the addressee’s exceptional communicative competence. Arkady’s perlocutionary effect manifests itself on multiple levels: emotional, behavioural, cognitive, and dialogical. During the analysis of case 2, it was established that N. P. Kirsanov’s communication is aimed at building a polite, friendly, and socially normative dialogue with Bazarov as his son’s friend and guest. Bazarov's perlocutionary effect manifests itself verbally and non-verbally at the emotional, cognitive, and behavioural levels, and is characterized by a reserved and distant attitude. Verbal expressions include concise responses, lack of detailed remarks, and minimal use of etiquette formulas. Non-verbal expressions include distancing, aloofness, and indifference. Bazarov’s perlocutionary effect is limited due to his personal attitudes and nihilistic worldview. The theoretical and practical significance lies in the development of a comprehensive analysis of the perlocutionary effect, which considers the cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and dialogical aspects of communication, as well as the role of verbal and non-verbal communication tools, and linguistic and non-linguistic factors.

Aim. To compare the functions and meaning of doubled repetition of nouns in Russian and Chinese at the lexical level.

Methodology. The linguistic material – nouns with full reduplication – was obtained by sampling from the Russian and Chinese language corpora. The analysis was carried out using the lexical-semantic, contextual, and interpretation methods. The study was conducted in a comparative aspect.

Results. The linguistic universality and national specificity of noun reduplication were demonstrated, and the main meanings and functions of doubled noun repetition were described.

Research implications. The obtained data expand the understanding of noun reduplication in Russian and Chinese. The materials can be used for further research in the field of comparative linguistics, linguoculturology, and teaching Chinese or Russian.

Aim. To examine the role and significance of folk proverbs and sayings in N. V. Gogol’s “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends.”

Methodology. The article demonstrates by way of numerous examples Gogol’s high regard for apt folk expressions and the multifaceted richness of Russian colloquial speech. In “Selected Passages...” Gogol provides his definition of proverbs as an expert, a thoughtful folklorist, and a writer who has repeatedly paid tribute to this folklore genre in his own work. To demonstrate the authenticity of the proverbs and sayings used in Gogol’s book, their versions from well-known collections of Russian proverbs by I. M. Snegirev, V. I. Dahl, M. I. Mikhelson, and several others are presented.

Results . Based on the material reviewed in this article, it can be concluded that Gogol’s “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends” is connected to verbal folklore through its broad and functionally diverse use of Russian aphoristic folklore – primarily proverbs and sayings. Perhaps this will help current and future researchers to uncover the unique nature of Gogol’s folkloric thinking and expand our understanding of the writer as an appreciator and connoisseur of Russian folk artistic creativity. It is safe to say that no other Gogol’s work cites as many proverbs and sayings to support the writer’s ideas as “Selected Passages...”

Research implications. Observations and results obtained during the study of the role and significance of folk proverbs and sayings in N. V. Gogol’s articles can be used in the historical, literary, and textual study and commentary of the writer’s literary and journalistic legacy, including his book “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends.”

Aim. To analyse the image of Napoleon in the early unpublished edition of V. K. Kuchelbecker’s poem “The Seven Sleeping Youths.”

Methodology. The subject of the study is an early version of the poem, the autograph of which is kept in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The research uses textual and comparative methods.

Results. The result of the article is the publication of two stanzas from an early edition of V. K. Kuchelbecker’s poem “Seven Sleepers,” which had not been published before. These two stanzas are about Napoleon. The appearance of the French emperor at the end of the second part of the poem helps us to assume about why the author needed to change the time of action in the poem. The plot of the poem is based on the legend of the seven sleeping youths of Ephesus, which traditionally dates to the reign of Emperor Decius. Kuchelbecker changed the time period and replaced Emperor Decius with Diocletian. The figure of Diocletian was of particular interest to the author, as he was close to the image of Napoleon in Russian poetry of that time. Several similarities can be found between the two emperors’ images, they become symbols of temporal earthly power opposed to eternity, the bearers of which are youths.

Research implications. The materials can be used in courses on the history of Russian literature.

Aim. To identify the main strategies for analysing Gnedich’s poetry in the literary research of the 1930s. 

Methodology. Yu. N. Tynyanov’s “Pushkin and His Contemporaries” (1929), V. F. Khodasevich’s “Pushkin and the Poets of His Time” (1933), and V. V. Veresaev “Pushkin’s Contemporaries” (1937) were used as a material for the research. By systematising judgments about Gnedich’s literary talent, the emotional sound of his poetic words, and his role in updating the poetic language, the understanding of the poet’s worldview is clarified. The methodology of the work is associated with the use of historical, functional, biographical, aesthetic methods and approaches that identify three main areas which formed the basis for combining the assessments and judgments of critics and literary critics into groups. 

Results. The article concretises the importance of Gnedich’s artistic system in the historical and literary process of the first third of the 19^th century. The strategies for evaluating Gnedich’s artistic system in the works of Tynyanov, Khodasevich, and Veresaev are analysed and systematized. It is established that in the literary thought of the 1930s there were three main vectors for evaluating Gnedich’s artistic system that are determining the poet’s place in the development of the aesthetics of Romanticism, the question of his belonging to the elegiac school, and identifying the poet’s role in the formation of literary language. Tynyanov examines Gnedich’s influence on Pushkin, emphasising the poet’s borderline between archaists and innovators. Veresaev, although he notes the peculiarities of Gnedich’s artistic perception of the world, does not reveal the ontological meaning of his poetic images, while raising the question of choosing an authoritative source to evaluate Gnedich’s literary position. Khodasevich turns out to be the closest to recreating the romantic type of thinking of the poet, whose methodological messages are consonant with the value approach in literary criticism. It is proved that the study of the Gnedich worldview was not systematic.

Research implications. The theoretical significance of the study consists in the fact that the innovation of Gnedich’s poetic system in relation to previous classical poetry was identified, and it is also determined by the lack of research bringing together observations of Gnedich’s poetry scattered in various literary, critical, and literary works.

Aim . To study a motive for reading and images, characters, and types of reading heroes in the prose of A. I. Ertel.

Methodology . The article provides an overview of the writer’s artistic heritage in terms of the motive under study and its implementations. The methodology of the work includes holistic and hermeneutic analysis, ontological and axiological approaches. The collection of Ertel’s own library is reflected, and it is told about its fate in the article. It is shown that the writer’s hopes for education of the people and the practical education of the intelligentsia have been associated with the printed word for a long time. In his prose works, Ertel depicts heroes of different morals and beliefs, showing the importance of meaningful and selective reading, the danger of unsystematic reading in a situation of an unstable system of views.

Results . The motive of reading and the image of the book in the writer’s legacy testify to his broad outlook, helping to identify the different stages of the formation and evolution of his talent. Understanding the motive of reading leads to the awareness of autobiographical moments in fiction texts, Ertel’s use of his own experience, that is not always positive, when creating the worlds of his works. The range of literary interests of Ertel’s heroes largely reflects the author’s preferences, warns the reader against mistakes not only in reading, but also in life. In the works of Ertel’s first period of creativity, democratic sentiments prevail; not yet disappointed in the populist movement, the writer actively contrasts the literature of “pure art” and the works of the populists. Later, the idea of educating the people comes to the fore; the autobiographical hero in the novel “Gardeniny”, Nikolai Rakhmanny, reads a lot in order to understand life. In the final period of his work, Ertel himself turns to journalism and translations, somewhat moving away from purely practical activities to abstract reading. However, there is a big difference between the writer himself and his philosophically minded aesthetes: Ertel preferred systematic work on the land and helping the people, while his heroes turned out to be incapable of practical decisions.

Research implications . The theoretical significance of the study relates to the innovative analysis of the works of the second-tier writer A. I. Ertel in Russian philology. The practical significance is determined by the identification of valuable parallels between the characters and the author himself, and the understanding of his attitude to the book and reading.

Aim. To consider the topic of personality formation, to show the internal psychology of the restructuring of a person’s worldview under the influence of new Western European trends during the Peter the Great era.

Methodology. The study is focused on Vasily Volkov, the steward. Through the poetics of revealing this artistic image, an attempt is made to analyse the main problems of A. N. Tolstoy’s novel “Peter the First.” Analytical and comparative methods of researching a literary text are used to consider the topic chosen. A detailed and comprehensive understanding of the hero’s character is provided, which helps not only in revealing the complex image, but also leads to an understanding of the global moral issues, raised by the author, concerning the transformation of the Russian state’s way of life under the influence of European innovations. Attention is paid to the psychological struggle. The overwhelming doubts that assail the hero are shown. It is these doubts that become the prototype of the external confrontation between old foundations and new trends.

Results . The analysis of the novel’s text demonstrates how A. N. Tolstoy, through specific characters, their traits, psychology, behaviour, and speech, leads a reader to an understanding of the global spiritual and moral aspects of life at that time, and touches upon the moral and philosophical problems of the clash between Eastern and Western cultures and the preservation of Russian identity. The stylistic and artistic features that help the author to reveal the fullness of the social phenomena of that period are identified. 

Research implications. This research confirms that even secondary characters add a special meaning in A. N. Tolstoy’s work. The significance of the work lies in its in-depth and specific understanding of the plastic embodiment of the topic chosen.

Aim. To reveal a connection between the theory of Neo-Historicism and the three novels by G. Yakhina; using the theory of Neo-Historicism, to explain how G. Yakhina, through literary texts, restores, enriches, and supplements the history of the Soviet Union in the first half of the 20^th century, thereby revealing her creative intentions.

Methodology. This article uses the theory of Neo-Historicism to analyse the three novels by G. Yakhina. The method of text analysis was applied in the research.

Results. The analysis shows that G. Yakhina’s novels reveal the “textuality of history.” The writer achieves the fusion of literature and history through the “historicity of the text”. The novels of G. Yakhina unfold against the backdrop of grand history, but she begins from the perspective of ordinary people, transforming the large-scale history into everyday life while marginalizing the central discourse. In this way, she brings to light previously unheard, private voices and uncovers hidden episodes. At the same time, G. Yakhina focuses on the fates of simple people, the history of their suffering, evoking sincere heartfelt sympathy in the readers, thereby continuing the humanistic traditions of Russian literature.

Research implications. The results obtained provide a better understanding of G. Yakhina’s novels and inspire readers to interpret her works from a new theoretical perspective.