The functioning of a language in a society is always subject to various stimulating and suppressive impacts. Church Slavonic, a sacral language, standardized and codified, has been less dependent on the collisions associated with the development of the society. It has thereby preserved its original purity, but it has become incomprehensible to those who attend church services. This article defends the Church Slavonic language as a linguistic phenomenon that has been protected by the Russian Orthodox Church over centuries.

In a modern Russian language the adverbs of measure and degree combine with variable and invariable words, noting to a different degree of manifestation of the trait. In the scope of gradalnosti the adverbs of measure and degree perform a gradual function and are a graduator (the indicators of the graduality). The adverbs of measure and degree are in the nuclear area of the field of the graduality, confirm its productive and nuclear nature as a graduator or a gradotativ. Any graduator, endowed with a sign of the degree of the magnitude is replaced by the identity of an adverb meaning and is not accompanied by other semantic nuances in the text.

The article deals with the history of a linguistic source study, its formation as a special course in 1960-80s. The author evaluates the contribution that made S. Kotkov and his group to study of writing, and emphasizes actual problems of a linguistic source study at the present stage of its development. It's suggested to divide linguistic sources into two groups: those that reflect linguistic facts and those that need methods of text analysis of some sort. The development of these methods is one of the most important objectives of linguistic source study. The author also observes the problem of material classification.

The article considers the nature of doubt in the conceptual sphere of the individual. The author analyzes the communicative-pragmatic situation of doubt and the means of its representation in the Russian language, as well as modal-qualification meanings in statements with persuasive particles. It is shown that the universality of doubt as a qualification meaning of person's conceptsphere is based on the universality of mental operations of doubt that are directly related with the societies' linguistic and conceptual pictures of the world, and areas of mentality and evaluation. The meaning of doubt is characterized as a dynamic system for solving the urgent problems of speaker

The paper deals with the appearance of an implicit information in prose due to the activation of semantic potential of some syntactic constructions and models. This type of information is called a "subtext meaning". There are two types of subtext: emotional and conventional one. The emotional subtext makes the narration's implicit background. The conventional subtext specifies circumstances of a described scene. The subtext is marked with the writer's personal punctuation. Examples from M.Shiskin's prose are used to illustrate the phenomenon.

This article is devoted to a predicative as a special part of speech that stemmed from a short form of an adjective and has its own categorical value of a qualitative state. The author studied the specificity of the use of forms of a predicative in expressional literary speech of the 1st half of the 20th century, and analyzed, how grammatical features of a predicative are used by poets and writers to express their attitude to reality, to transfer emotions at a language level. The analysis allowed to come to the conclusion that language is full of subjectivity, and the predicative is a means of a categorization of subjective and emotional in language.

The article deals with changes in the structure of forms-idioms in the modern Russian language. Forms-idioms are binary formations, one of which components is a genetically significant word, and another is a syntatctical one. Forms-idioms may be considered as minimal units of phraseology. The author analyzes such ways of transformations of forms-idioms as the expansion of phraseological units by means of introduction of additional components, the reduction of phraseological units and the use of elliptic variants in speech. Another way of transformation under focus is a grammatical one, that is characterized by variance of components of forms-idioms.

Aggression in speech, typical of contemporary youth spoken language, is considered within the framework of the modern analysis revealing that interrogative sentences are an active means of aggressive expression. Pragmatic conditions under which aggressive function of interrogative sentences is actualized are various. Aggressive interrogation, targeted at suppressing the interlocutor's personality and demonstrating the speaker's significance and superiority, often suggests encouragement and is employed with the view to deliberately seizing the verbal initiative and leading positions. The given manifestations of aggression in speech are caused by general aims of contemporary youth at self-actualization, leadership and dominance.

This paper deals with the expression of Fet's philosophical views and his interpretation of creative work and art in his prose on the example of the usage of linguistic means particularly nomination and predication. The author analyses mostly non-fiction writings (letters, memoirs, critiques). The connection of Fet's philosophical views with Schopenhauer's philosophy is also considered in the article. Special attention is paid to the nomination «красота» and the predicate «истинный». The author also examines the use of metaphors and others stylistic expressive means.

Particular categories of expression of half-predicativity are not yet thoroughly examined. The article is devoted to the problem of subjective modality's influence on formation of the half-predicativity category. The subjective modality in sentences with isolated parts can be expressed in various ways. Conjunctions can be such means of expression of subjectively-modal meaning and in some cases they are the main «condition» for the half-predicative parts isolation. The different groups of conjunctions that form subjectively-modal meaning are described in the article.

The author of the article examines the features of expressing gender in names of animals in the modern Russian and Turkish languages. During the study, particular attention was paid to the gender categories, as it is the most characteristic morphological feature of nouns in the modern Russian language. An important component of this category in both languages is the sex (male / female). Particular attention is paid to selection of examples for comparison from literary texts written in modern Russian and Turkish.

The article considers the functional appropriateness of indeclinable nouns as a syntactical phenomenon. The author defines the factors, that compensate a formal disadvantage of this linguistic unit in the communicative sphere. The author also focuses on the syntagmatic characteristics, strong and weak positions in the structure of a sentence, the conditions of homonymy as well as the system restrictions of independent usage of the indeclinable noun in a phrase and in a sentence.

The article raises the problem of «weapons» metaphors in modern media. The military metaphors are common in Russian reports, especially in the language of sports. These tokens indicate the types of weapons, ammunition and equipment and are used as a means of verbal expression, increasing the informative value and image of the message through associations. In sports journalism they are used both the literal and figurative sense. Authors of sports texts tend to emphasis the expression of sports events.

The paper is devoted to the study of uncodified lexis: it gives a differentiation of terms argot, jargon, slang; shows the informal names of geographical places in the speech of the youth in the city of Sterlitamak in Bashkortostan; introduces the concept of regional toponyms (regionyms); discusses various lexical and thematic groups of regionyms; establishes features of their creation and functioning in the speech of the youth; proves the importance of their studying; raises the question of the status of regional toponyms in the uncodified and codified lexis.

The article describes the evolution of artistic pursuits and aesthetic views of Adamov. The biography of the artist is presented within the context of the moral, intellectual and poetic quest. The author of the article emphasizes the role of autobiographical origin and the influence of Strindberg and Chekhov. Adamov's plays (La Parodie, L'Invasion, Le Professeur Taranne) are totally in line with the context of a controversial era which largely determines the dramatic peculiarity of the author's perspective.

The literary life of Petersburg of Pushkin time is presented in the article, the specifics of the Petersburg literary miscellanies are revealed in comparison with Moscow editions. The article also shows the reviews of the miscellanies by literary criticism of 1820- 1830s. The author defines a special role of А. Pushkin and his friends in preparation of Petersburg editions, and emphasizes the spiritual beginning which united the writers of the Pushkin circle. As a result, the articles allows to deepen the understanding of spiritual pursuits of writers of a Pushkin's era and the peculiarities of literary life at that time.

The article is devoted to the study of the religious themes and the problem of Orthodox culture in "The Diary of the Writer" by B. Zaytsev. The social and political journalism of one of the famous Russian writers of the 20th century, as well as his creative works, allows us to clarify and characterize Zaytsev's attitude towards the Orthodox Church, Orthodoxy and their influence on the Russian culture. The article deals with the chapters of "The Diary of the Writer" on the writer's pilgrimage to Afon; his essay «Optina» and others. The analysis shows the importance of the religious themes in the writer's journalism and their influence on the Russian culture in general. The article also reveals Zaytsev's personal world outlook and confessional character of his journalism.

The treatise by Chateaubriand «The Genius of Christianity,» in which one can trace the formation of artistic and aesthetic principles of Romanticism, is for the first time analyzed in detail in the national literary criticism in the following article. This study helps to clarify the national specificity of early French Romanticism. «The Genius of Christianity» reveals in the author not such a great supporter of religious doctrine, but an original artist-thinker, who opens new possibilities of visual art, the new language of literature. In the field study there are views of the writer on wonderful and mysterious, on the mystical experience that is shown in symbols. Statements about the dual nature of a man, tragically fallen apart from God, unanswered questions about the meaning of life, that will determine the internal conflict of the romantic protagonists, are also in focus of attention in the paper.

Diana Wynne Jones consistently elaborates upon the concept of multiverse in her writing. This concept is reflected in the image of a wizard's house, which is a key element of the writer's literary universe. The wizard's house has a capacity for accumulating different dimensions of time and space, being in the meantime "the other space" of its own. At the same time it appears to be a wizard's fancy, thus enabling the writer to raise the existential question of objectivity

The article covers the soundscape in the novel by a gifted Russian émigré writer Ivan Lukash. The purpose of this paper was to show how with the use of the soundscape the writer revealed the main idea of the novel - the collapse of the old world under the onslaught of world war and revolutions. The sound world picture and the changes in it are analyzed in close connection with the principal images - home and Petersburg, and with prevailing motive of silence.

The features of memoir in prose and the spectrum of interests of Vyazemsky as a memoirist are considered in the article. Typical for Vyazemsky sketchy memoirs hold the holistic concept of Moscow and Petersburg society of the first half of the 19th century. Memoirs about Moscow and its residents of the 1800s take a special place in poet's memoirs, the former capital is opposed to Moscow which was rebuilt after the fire of 1812. It is possible to consider memoir in prose a genre core of all Vyazemsky's works.

The paper deals with the poetry of the famous Russian poet of 20th century Y. Kuznetsov, the author examines it in terms of the interaction between poetry and myth. Text analysis leads to the conclusion that the myth should be examined through the prism of such phenomena as personality, history, miracle, word. This kind of issues Y. Kuznetsov raised in his works. The author concludes that Y. Kuznetsov's method of mythical consciousness implementation in literature was to combine invisible and material space, to place the mythical protagonist in reality and the real one in a myth.

The article studies the theme of motherhood in novels by Louise Erdrich. The writer takes interest in problems of contemporary Indian women: primarily we speak about the children-parents' relations crisis and the search of self-identity. Collective image of Native American woman in novels by Louise Erdrich consists of two seemingly contradictory aspects: heroines taking good care of their own and others' children are represented next to tragical stories of women, separated from their children by various reasons which are in this or that way connected to European expansion.

The article describes the value of German national colour of 6th century in V. Bryusov's novel «The Fiery Angel». Life, traditions, proverbs, sayings, songs, superstitions form a background for philosophical disputes and moral problems solutions. Vividly feeling the modern reality, V. Bryusov saw a necessity in fundamental changes of the social and historical systems as well as of the old lifestyle. Through the prism of the past the writer studied the key modern issues of concern.

The article is devoted to one of the least analyzed themes in the modern study of Tsvetaeva's works - her early poems. The image of home is reviewed in the article on the material of the first two collections of Tsvetaeva - «Evening Album» (1910) and «Magic Lantern» (1912). This study allows to reveal the variety of motifs and themes that appear in the early poetry of Tsvetaeva when recreating the home world. Much attention is paid to the study of the psychological state of character on the threshold of adulthood. This study covers the emotional background of number poems from these two collections, which also allows to understand the peculiarity of philosophical and aesthetic views of M. Tsvetaeva that was the basis of her early works.